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Arctic Yearbook 2013
Regionalism and Globalisation
issue, but exploring energy deposits in the Arctic requires specific capabilities, knowledge and
experience. One could say that what makes the Arctic global also makes it slightly different from any
other region of the world.
Notes
1.
China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore.
2.
The full name of the Spitsbergen, or Svalbard Treaty is ―Treaty between Norway, The United
States of America, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Ireland
and the British overseas Dominions and Sweden concerning Spitsbergen signed in Paris 9
th
February 1920‖.
3.
The following section will address these five levels of regionness in further detail.
4.
E.g., as described in Emmerson (2010: xiii-xiv, 3-23), Savaskov (2011: 27), Keskitalo (2007),
O'Rourke (2012: 1-5).
5.
E.g., comparing the conditions in the Atlantic and in the Pacific, along the Russian shore
versus the Canadian or Greenland shore.
6.
Currently there are six such permanent participants within the Arctic Council: Arctic
Athabaskan Council, Aleut International Association, Gwich'in Council International, Inuit
Circumpolar Council, Russian Arctic Indigenous Peoples of the North, and Saami Council
(Arctic Council, 2011b).
7.
The description of the regionness stages that follows below is based on the theoretical
framework introduced in Hettne and Söderbaum (2002: 39-45).
8.
A good example – Nemtsova (2011).
9.
The concept of complex interdependence (not to be confused with the concept of
interdependence as explained above) stands for an explanatory model – an ideal international
system, the fundamental premises of which are opposite to that of ideal realism. According to
Keohane and Nye (1989), complex interdependence and realism are two extremities of the
same scale; the applicability of each model should be determined on a case-by-case basis.
10.
Realism is an International Relations theory that is based on four main principles: 1. The
international system is anarchic, with no supranational authority. 2. The main actors in the
system are nation-states. 3. All actors behave rationally and seek to maximise their benefits
gained from interaction with other states. 4. Finally, due to the unregulated nature of the
system the most important aspect for the states is their survival, to ensure which they can only
depend on themselves.
11.
Analysed in a similar way, the four principles of liberalism can also be summarised by four
points: 1. The international system is indeed anarchic. 2. However, the actors are not limited
to nation-states but can also include individuals as well as national and transnational